Learn more about body fat levels by age and sex. Obesity and overweight can carry a greater risk for conditions such as:Ĭalculating body fat percentage can provide useful information because it reflects body composition, unlike BMI, WHR, and WtHR. Typically, obesity has associations with a high proportion of body fat. A person should talk with their doctor if they have concerns about the health risks that may have links to a higher WtHR. While population-level studies are important, individual health is about more than waist size alone. On average, a female of the same age and WHtR may be at risk of a 4.6 year reduction in lifespan. However, this study did not account for ethnicity.įor example, a 30 year old male with a 0.7 WHtR may be at risk of dying 7.2 years earlier than their typical lifespan. Measurements that take waist size into account can help to provide insight into an individual’s health risks.Ī 2014 study concluded that a WtHR of 0.52 or above has associations with a significantly shorter lifespan, and the effect was stronger for males. If the result is 0.5 or less, that is considered moderate. To calculate WtHR, divide waist size by height. For this reason, WtHR may be helpful when assessing health risk when used along with other measures of health. It compares a person’s waist circumference to their height.Īccording to 2015 research, higher WtHR has associations with worse cholesterol and blood pressure, even at a healthy BMI. The waist-to-height ratio (WtHR) is another tool to assess body size. Anyone assessing body size needs to take a person’s overall health status into consideration. Plus, body size is not a direct measure of health. Optimal WHR differs based on sex assigned at birth as well as race and ethnicity, according to the 2008 WHO report. For example, this measure does not account for a person’s total body fat percentage or their muscle-to-fat ratio accurately. However, as with BMI, the WHR does have limitations. Using WHR, a 2008 World Health Organization (WHO) report defines abdominal obesity as follows: They can then divide this measurement by the width of their hip at its widest part.įor example, if a person’s waist is 28 inches (in) and their hips are 36 in, they will divide 28 by 36, giving a WHR of 0.77. To calculate their WHR, a person should measure around their waist at the narrowest part, usually just above the belly button. A high WHR is has associations with higher levels of visceral fat, the fat in the abdominal cavity that surrounds several major organs.įor this reason, the WHR can be a useful tool for understanding potential health risks when considered alongside other assessments of health status.Ī 2018 meta-analysis suggests that having a high WHR can put people at a higher risk of myocardial infarction, or heart attack. However, it should not be the only measure an individual uses to assess whether their weight is ideal.Ī person’s WHR compares their waist size with that of their hips. This inaccuracy may lead to a misdiagnosis or an incorrect assessment of risk factors between individuals.īMI can offer a rough idea of whether or not a person is at a moderate weight, and it is useful for measuring trends in population studies. Studies have shown that non-Hispanic white, non-Hispanic Black, and Mexican Americans may have significantly different levels of body fat but the same BMI as people from other groups. They can have a high BMI because they have more muscle mass, but this does not mean they weigh too much for their height.Īnother limitation of BMI is that it does not distinguish between people of different racial or ethnic groups. For example, high performance athletes tend have a lot of muscle and little body fat. While it takes height and weight into consideration, it does not account for factors such as: What is the problem with BMI?īMI is a very basic measurement. If a person has questions about their child’s BMI, they should consult a doctor. The CDC’s BMI charts for children use percentiles that compare measurements with boys and girls of the same age and gender. To calculate a child’s BMI, a person can use the CDC’s calculator for children and teenagers. The CDC use both age and sex assigned at birth in its BMI calculations for people between the ages of 2–19 years. This is because children typically grow larger with age. BMI based on ageĪge is not a factor in BMI for adults, but it is for children. A person can talk with their doctor if they have questions about calculating or interpreting their BMI score. BMI is just one tool to understand body size, and it does not account for all of the ways that people’s bodies may differ.
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Principal energy levels of gold (Au): The figure shows the organization of the electrons around the nucleus of a gold (Au) atom. We say the electrons ‘reside’ in different principal energy levels, and these levels exist at different radii from the nucleus and have rules regarding how many electrons they can accommodate. Careful investigations have shown that not all electrons within an atom have the same average position or energy. The electrostatic attraction between them keeps electrons ‘bound’ to the nucleus so they stay within a certain distance of it. Principal Energy LevelsĪn atom consists of a positively charged nucleus and negatively charged electrons. These Lewis symbols and Lewis structures help visualize the valence electrons of atoms and molecules, whether they exist as lone pairs or within bonds. Lewis structures (also known as Lewis dot structures or electron dot structures) are diagrams that represent the valence electrons of atoms within a molecule. Lewis symbols (also known as Lewis dot diagrams or electron dot diagrams) are diagrams that represent the valence electrons of an atom. Lewis symbols: Symbols of the elements with their number of valence electrons represented as dots.valence electrons: The electrons of atoms that participate in the formation of chemical bonds.valence level: The outermost principal energy level, which is the level furthest away from the nucleus that still contains electrons. Each level is associated with a particular energy value that electrons within it have. principal energy levels: The different levels where electrons can be found and that occur at specific distances from the atom’s nucleus.Lewis symbols do not visualize the electrons in the inner principal energy levels.
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How to Add a Timer to PowerPoint (With Add-In) Method #1 With ClassPoint Add-In Trust us, we have tried all the different methods to add a timer to PowerPoint, and we have decided to put an end to this enigma by sharing with you the best 4 ways to add a timer to PowerPoint, with and without add-ins. We’ve been down that road ourselves, and that is why this article is here – not just to highlight the problem, but to offer a solution. We understand the struggle, the frustration, and the need for a dependable timer solution. And we understand the struggle as we tried searching for ways to insert timers to PowerPoint, we were met with a scattered mix of incomplete solutions and unsatisfactory advice. This program toggles an LED.How to add a timer to PowerPoint? The PowerPoint tool we’ve all come to rely on lacks a fundamental feature – a built-in timer. Simply check if 'seconds' is 60 or whatever, if it is, then execute your code. The interrupt gets called every 1 second and adds 1 to 'seconds'. I tested its accuracy and it works consistently down to the microsecond. Here is a slightly modified program I made to easily set up timed interrupts. This code sets the prescaler to 1024, as slow as you can get.Ī prescaler of 1024 allows for a maximum time of 8388.608mS or ~8.3 seconds clockSelectBits = _BV(CS12) | _BV(CS10) So, cycles is NOT less than RESOLUTION - 1, therefore it was more than maximum If(cycles < RESOLUTION) clockSelectBits = _BV(CS10) // no prescale, full xtalĮlse cycles = RESOLUTION - 1, clockSelectBits = _BV(CS12) | _BV(CS10) // request was out of bounds, set as maximum long cycles = (F_CPU / 2000000) * microseconds // the counter runs backwards after TOP, interrupt is at BOTTOM so divide microseconds by 2 Your code, which would have showed me the library you were usingĪnyway, here is what I found in the library I ASSUME you are using. I had to do alot of googling, which most people WILL NOT DO, simply because you failed to tell us basic things about your problem, such as: First of all, PLEASE read the How To Use This Forum thread before you post. You can learn more about the system alarms in Grundfos GO. If the anti-cycling function is disabled, you will still see the system alarm indication on the operating panel, but the pump will not stop. Once you’ve enabled this feature, starts and stops in a fixed pattern will bring the pump to a complete stop and the icon will appear on the operating panel. Thankfully, SCALA1 has an anti-cycling function that you can set in Grundfos GO. But if this continues for too long, it will result in cycling. If there is a tiny leakage in the system, SCALA1 will proceed to start and stop operation periodically. Leaks can for instance be caused by pipe breakage. If you set the maximum runtime function to 30 minutes, the pump will stop after 30 minutes of continuous operation and the maximum runtime alarm will appear on the operating panel.įurthermore, this alarm stops the pump from running in the event of a major leak in the system. You can set this during the pump setup in Grundfos GO, or you can activate it at a later stage. Next, there’s the maximum runtime function. However, during normal operation, this alarm will be activated just 40 seconds after the detection of no pressure and flow. If SCALA1 detects no pressure and flow within five minutes of being connected to a power supply, the alarm will be activated. However, the feature works differently during the first priming phase than it does during the operation phase. SCALA1 offers built-in dry-running protection that automatically stops the pump in the event of dry-running. Let’s take a closer look at the three alarms in question. It could mean that it is not getting water. It’s simply an indication from the pump, alerting the user that there may be an issue in the system that should be addressed.įor instance, if the dry running alarm flashes, it doesn’t necessarily mean that the pump can’t deliver water. It is worth mentioning that these alarms do not necessarily mean that there is damage to the pump. These alarms indicate if there is dry running or water shortage, if the maximum runtime has been exceeded, or if there is a leakage in the system. In this module, we will look more closely at the bottom three LED alarm icons on the operating panel. The Grundfos SCALA1 is an all-in-one pressure booster. |
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